The internalized stigma experienced by members of a mental health advocacy group in South Africa

Katherine R. Sorsdahl · Ritsuko Kakuma · Zane Wilson · Dan Joseph Stein

50 citations0/0 files storedInternational Journal of Social Psychiatry

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Mental Health Treatment and Access Psychology and Mental Health Gender Roles and Identity Studies

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although there is a growing literature on internalized stigma from the developed world, very little research has been conducted in developing countries such as South Africa. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe the internalized stigma experienced by members of a mental health advocacy group in South Africa and relationships between self-stigma and other constructs, namely, empowerment, perceived devaluation and discrimination. METHODS: Self-administered questionnaires measuring respondents reported levels of internalized stigma, empowerment and perceived devaluation and discrimination were distributed to all the members of the South African Depression & Anxiety Group (SADAG) by post and via email. Of the 850 members invited to participate, 142 members of SADAG completed the questionnaire. Pearson correlations were computed and multiple regression analyses were carried out to analyse the data. RESULTS: The highest reports of stigma were for stigma resistance (mean = 2.9), alienation (mean = 2.47) and perceived discrimination (mean = 2.24). Low levels of stereotype endorsement (mean = 1.77) and social withdrawal (mean = 1.22) were reported. Although respondents often felt that the public held negative attitudes towards individuals suffering with a mental illness (perceived devaluation and discrimination scale (PDD), mean = 2.95), a majority of respondents reported high levels of empowerment (mean = 3.0) and self-efficacy (mean = 2.47). After controlling for socio-demographic factors, higher scores on the PDD were associated with social withdrawal and having experienced discrimination. CONCLUSION: Internalization of stigma, disempowerment and loss of self-esteem are not inevitable consequences for all individuals with a mental illness. Nevertheless, perceived stigma is significantly associated with social withdrawal and experienced discrimination.

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References

2001Conceptualizing Stigma 1989A Modified Labeling Theory Approach to Mental Disorders: An Empirical Assessment 2002The Paradox of Self-Stigma and Mental Illness 2003Internalized stigma of mental illness: psychometric properties of a new measure 1987Understanding Labeling Effects in the Area of Mental Disorders: An Assessment of the Effects of Expectations of Rejection 2004Measuring Mental Illness Stigma 2009Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional survey 2001Stigma as a Barrier to Recovery: Perceived Stigma and Patient-Rated Severity of Illness as Predictors of Antidepressant Drug Adherence

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