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Stock markets to an ever-increasing extent allow for trading controlled by artificial agents, or more generally, program trading. For instance, the Swedish Securities Dealers Association finds that it has no objections to program trading, and already in 1992 declared that only the means to exploiting unlawful quotes manipulation, resulting from program trading, should be controlled 19 . Nasdaq, in a communication to their members write 17 : Recent events show that the way some stocks are traded is changing dramatically, and the change in trading methods may affect price volatility and cause increased trading volume. This price volatility and increased volume present new hazards to investors, regardless of whether trading occurs on-line or otherwise. In general, stock markets do not apply restrictive policies to program trading. A primary objective of the market place operator is to promote a high liquidity in the traded instruments. This can be done through reducin...
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