The notion of constraints is discussed, and a comparison made between the ideas of genetic constraints on learning and developmental constraints on natural selection. Both depend on a contrast between conservative internal forces and external contingency. An alternative developmental systems perspective is introduced, in which constraint and formation are not separate phenomena but two aspects of complex interactive systems. The implications of these conceptual changes for some definitions of innateness and of sensitive periods are shown, and the relationship between development and evolution is reformulated.
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