DEPENDENCY AND AUTONOMOUS ACHIEVEMENT STRIVING RELATED TO ORALITY AND ANALITY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

Abstract

Several studies have investigated dependency and independence in early childhood. Most of the investigators have offered very similar definitions of dependency. The main difference between definitions in various studies lies in their degree of specificity on both conceptual and empirical levels. Only recently have attempts been made to formulate more precisely certain aspects of this phenomenon and to test these formulations with technically rigorous methods (2, 4, 6). Unfortunately there has been much less consistency among investigators in the definition of independence. Characteristics subsumed under this concept range from non-distractability and social assertiveness (6) to autonomous achievement striving (2) and emotional maturity (12). One source of confusion in earlier studies derived from the formulation

Cite this work

No public copy is stored for this record, so only the metadata is cited.

Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 32 citations exist upstream.

Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.