Skeleton Keys: An Introduction to Human Skeletal Morphology, Development, and Analysis

Abstract

1. AN INTRODUCTION TO SKELETAL ANATOMY AND THE DEVELOPMENT, PHYSIOLOGY, AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF BONE The Terminology of Anatomical Position Units of the Skeleton and Their Articular Relations Gross Anatomy of Bone Osteogenesis: The Formation of Bone Regulation of and Abnormalities in Bone Growth Other Pathological Aspects of Bone Growth and Physiology Bone Biochemistry and Diet 2. THE SKULL External Morphology Internal Morphology 3. INDIVIDUAL BONES OF THE SKULL Mandible Maxilla The Palatine Bone Nasal Bone Lacrimal Bone Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Zygoma Vomer Inferior Nasal Concha Ethmoid Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Sphenoid Hyoid Inner Ear Bones 4. THE POSTCRANIAL AXIAL SKELETON: VERTEBRAL COLUMN, SACRUM, STERNUM, AND RIBS Vertebral Column: Overview True Vertebrae First and Second Cervical Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Sternum Ribs 5. THE UPPER LIMB Scapula Clavicle Humerus Radius Ulna The Hand Carpus Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate Metacarpals Phalanges Determination of Stature from Upper Limb Bones 6. THE LOWER LIMB Pelvic Girdle Femur Patella Tibia Fibula The Foot Tarsus Talus Calcaneus Navicular Medial Cuneiform Intermediate Cuneiform Lateral Cuneiform Cuboid Metatarsals Phalanges Determination of Stature from Lower Limb Bones 7. TEETH Basic Gross Dental Anatomy Different Dentitions: An Overview Tooth Surfaces and Orientation Basic Nomenclature of Crown Anatomy Molars: An Overview Summary of Permanent Tooth Identification Deciduous Teeth Enamel: Normal and Other Features Tooth Eruption and Root Formation Crown Development: An Overview Molecular Regulation of Crown Development: A Brief Overview 8. AGING Overview Childhood Juvenile Age Adulthood Age-Related Changes in Teeth The Complex Method of Determining Adult Age (After Acsadi and Nemeskeri, 1970) The Multifactorial Method of Determining Summary Age (After Lovejoy et al., 1985a) Histological Age-Related Changes in Bone 9. DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTER STATES: NONMETRIC VARIATION, SEX DETERMINATION, POPULATIONS, AND A DISCUSSION OF BIODISTANCE ANALYSIS Overview Considering the Bases of Nondental, Nonmetric Variation Dental Nonmetric Traits The Assessment of Skeletal Sexual Dimorphism Nonmetric Variation, Sexual Dimorphism, and Populations A Discussion of Metric Approaches to Biodistance Analysis 10. PATHOLOGY: DISEASE, TRAUMA, AND STRESS Overview Infectious Diseases of Bone Joint Diseases Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis Tumors Bone Necrosis Fractures and Trauma Infectious and Degenerative Diseases of the Jaws and Teeth APPENDIX A: OSTEOMETRY Cranial and Mandibular Measurements Postcranial Measurements Postcranial Indices APPENDIX B: COMPARATIVE OSTEOLOGY: HUMAN, DEER, BEAR, PIG

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