Homicide as a Risk Factor for PTSD Among Surviving Family Members

Angelynne Amick‐McMullan · Dean G. Kilpatrick · Heidi S. Resnick

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research Child Abuse and Trauma Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health

Abstract

In this National Institute of Justice-funded study, random digit dialing telephone survey methodology was used to screen a large, nationally representative sample (N = 12,500) of the noninstitutionalized U.S. adult population to identify surviving family members and friends of victims of criminal homicide and alcohol-related vehicular homicide. A total of 9.3% of the national sample had lost a family member or friend to homicide. Immediate family survivors (n = 206) completed an interview assessing demographic characteristics and DSM-III-R criteria for homicide-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The interview participation rate was 84%. Among immediate family survivors, 23.3% developed PTSD at some point in their lifetimes, and 4.8% met full diagnostic criteria for PTSD during the preceding 6 months. Survivors of criminal and vehicular homicide victims were equally likely to develop PTSD. Survivors who experienced the homicide during their childhood, adolescence, or adulthood also showed equal likelihood of PTSD. Clinical implications of findings are discussed.

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References

1981Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed 1936The Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association 1987Long-term effects of losing a spouse or child in a motor vehicle crash.1979Children of Chowchilla 1986Witness to Violence: The Child Interview 1988Post-Traumatic Therapy and Victims of Violence 1976The Human Meaning of Total Disaster 1986Children Who Witness Parental Murder: Posttraumatic Aspects

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1999PTSD among bereaved parents following the violent deaths of their 12‐ to 28‐year‐old children: A longitudinal prospective analysis 1993Bereavement after homicide: a synergism of trauma and loss 2016Posttraumatic stress symptoms in context: Examining trauma responses to violent exposures and homicide death among Black males in urban neighborhoods.1994Children Who Witness the Homicide of a Parent 2002Journey of family members of homicide victims: A qualitative study of their posthomicide experience.

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