Article1998

Posttraumatic stress disorder and drug disorders: testing causal pathways.

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes Child Abuse and Trauma

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although there is a high degree of comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and drug use disorders, little is known about causal relationships between PTSD, exposure to traumatic events, and drug use disorders. METHODS: In a longitudinal study in southeast Michigan, 1007 adults aged 21 to 30 years were initially assessed in 1989 and were followed up 3 and 5 years later, in 1992 and 1994. Psychiatric disorders according to DSM-III-R criteria were measured by the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. To take into account temporal sequencing, the associations between PTSD, traumatic events, and drug use disorders were analyzed by using Cox proportional hazards models with time-dependent covariates. RESULTS: Posttraumatic stress disorder signaled an increased risk of drug abuse or dependence (hazards ratio, 4.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.6-7.6, adjusted for sex), whereas exposure to traumatic events in the absence of PTSD did not increase the risk of drug abuse or dependence. The risk for abuse or dependence was the highest for prescribed psychoactive drugs (hazards ratio, 13.0; 95% confidence interval, 5.3-32.0). There was no evidence that preexisting drug abuse or dependence increased the risk of subsequent exposure to traumatic events or the risk of PTSD after traumatic exposure. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that drug abuse or dependence in persons with PTSD might be the inadvertent result of efforts to medicate symptoms, although the possibility of shared vulnerability to PTSD and drug use disorders cannot be ruled out.

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References

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Cited by

1998Investigations of causal pathways between ptsd and drug use disorders 2003Trauma and substance abuse: Causes, consequences, and treatment of comorbid disorders.2010The use of alcohol and drugs to self-medicate symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder 2008A Second Look at Prior Trauma and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Effects of Subsequent Trauma 2020A Systematic Review of the Self‐Medication Hypothesis in the Context of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbid Problematic Alcohol Use

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