Flexibility of Wild Chimpanzee Nut‐cracking Behavior Using Stone Hammers and Anvils: an Experimental Analysis

Osamu Sakura · Tetsuro Matsuzawa

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Primate Behavior and Ecology Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies Child and Animal Learning Development

Abstract

Abstract Nut‐cracking behavior in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) using natural stone hammers and anvils was studied through transect survey and experimental analysis at Bossu, Guinea. Transect surveys revealed that hammers were significantly smaller than anvils, although the role division was not strict. Analysis of experiments such as separating nuts and stones found under palm trees revealed the chimbanzees' flexibility in tool use. The behavioral patterns of transportation, discrimination, and the substitution of tools were not stereotyped. This flexibility appears to stem from the chimpanzees' understanding of the relationship between tools and referents, i.e. the function of tools.

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References

1986The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior 1985Use of numbers by a chimpanzee 1984Mental map in wild chimpanzees: An analysis of hammer transports for nut cracking 1980The Evolution of Culture in Animals 1983Optimisation of Nut-Cracking With Natural Hammers By Wild Chimpanzees 1978Evidence for a Social Custom in Wild Chimpanzees?1979Tool-using and -making behavior in wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea 1980Animal cultures and a general theory of cultural evolution

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