Focus on Psychometrics. Coefficient alpha: Conceptualizations and anomalies

Thomas R. Knapp

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Psychometric Methodologies and Testing Health Education and Validation Reliability and Agreement in Measurement

Abstract

In this article distinctions are made among some of the different conceptualizations of, and formulas for, Cronbach's coefficient alpha as it is applied to dichotomous or nondichotomous, standardized or unstandardized, and weighted or unweighted data. Issues regarding the statistical significance of alpha and the occasionally encountered anomalies of artificially high alpha and negative values of alpha are given particular attention.

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1951Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests 1969Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores 1974Foundations of Behavioral Research 1967Foundations of Behavioral Research 1937The Theory of the Estimation of Test Reliability 1941Test Reliability Estimated by Analysis of Variance 1969A Test of the Hypothesis that Cronbach's Alpha or Kuder-Richardson Coefficent Twenty is the Same for Two Tests 1965The Approximate Sampling Distribution of Kuder-Richardson Reliability Coefficient Twenty

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