School-Age Children's Time Alone with Fathers in Single- and Dual-Earner Families

Ann C. Crouter · M. Sue Crowley

58 citations0/0 files storedThe Journal of Early Adolescence

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Family Dynamics and Relationships Work-Family Balance Challenges Parental Involvement in Education

Abstract

This study examined (a) the extent to which father-child dyadic involvement varies as a function of parental earner status, father s work-related availability, and child's gender and (b) the connectionts between father-child involvement and children's assessments of their fathers and their feelings of closeness to their fathers. Total involvement and involvement in "quality time" were assessed via seven daily telephone interviews with 147 children, age 9 to 11 years. Children reported on the extent to which they had engaged in each of 32 activities during the day of each call and with whom they had engaged in each activity. In separate home interviews, fathers reported their work schedules, and children completed two measures assessing their relationship with their fathers. Results indicated that fathers in single-earner families spent significantly more time in dyadic activities with sons than with daughters; dual-earner fathers spent equal amounts of time with sons and daughters. Controlling for family size, girls with greater dyadic involvement felt closer to their fathers than did girls with less dyadic involvement; boys' feelings of closeness were not linked to levels of one-to-one involvement with their fathers.

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References

1986Working Wives/Working Husbands.1985Paternal Behavior in Humans 1982Nontraditional families : parenting and child development 1987Determinants of Fathers' Participation in Family Work 1982Early adolescents' significant others: Grade and gender differences in perceived relationships with familial and nonfamilial adults and young people 1976Time use: A measure of household production of family goods and services 1989Effects of maternal employment in the two-parent family.1987Processes underlying father involvement in dual-earner and single-earner families.

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1999Parent and child expressed affect and children's social competence: Modeling direct and indirect pathways.1994Short‐term and long‐term processes linking job stressors to father–child interaction 2012Parent–Child Shared Time From Middle Childhood to Late Adolescence: Developmental Course and Adjustment Correlates 2002Longitudinal changes in the time parents spend in activities with their adolescent children as a function of child age, pubertal status and gender.2009Parental school involvement in relation to children's grades and adaptation to school

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