Stereotypes and the Construal of Individuating Information

Ziva Kunda · Bonnie Sherman-Williams

191 citations0/0 files storedPersonality and Social Psychology Bulletin

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Social and Intergroup Psychology Personality Traits and Psychology Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment

Abstract

When stereotypes affect judgment about individuals in the presence of individuating information, they may do so by affecting the construal of that information. Therefore stereotypes may affect judgment even if perceivers subsequently neglect the stereotypes or base rates and base their impressions only on these stereotype-driven construals of the individuating information. Two experiments showed that stereotypes affected judgments about targets in the presence of the same ambiguous individuating information that was open to multiple construals, but not in the presence of the same specific disambiguated construals of that information. A third experiment showed that the effects of stereotypes on target ratings in the presence of ambiguous individuating information were mediated by the construals of this information. Thus all subjects relied predominantly on the individuating information, but when it was ambiguous, it was construed differently, depending on the stereotype.

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References

1973On the psychology of prediction.1989Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components.1990A Continuum of Impression Formation, from Category-Based to Individuating Processes: Influences of Information and Motivation on Attention and Interpretation 1976New directions in attribution research 2015Cognitive Processes in Stereotyping and Intergroup Behavior 1983A hypothesis-confirming bias in labeling effects.1979Prototypes in Person Perception 1982Personality, cognition, and social interaction

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1996Development and mental representation of stereotypes.2002She Swings, She Hits, She’s Great, She’s Benched: Implications of Gender-Based Shifting Standards for Judgment and Behavior 2015Stereotypic vision: How stereotypes disambiguate visual stimuli.1998The Accuracy and Power of Sex, Social Class, and Ethnic Stereotypes: A Naturalistic Study in Person Perception 2003Implicit bias in impression formation: associations influence the construal of individuating information

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