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This paper develops a general approach to actuarial calculations in applications which can be modeled as multi-state processes. Such situations arise when benefits are payable upon a change in the status of the insured, or while the insured maintains a given status. Examples include life insurance, annuities, pensions, disability income insurance and certain types of long-term care insurance. The method is based on convenient matrix results which are available when we assume a continuous-time Markov model with constant forces of transition. In this case probabilities are easily obtained regardless of the number of states. This is of considerable benefit as it allows us to deal with very complicated actuarial problems. Section 1 provides some background on the kinds of problems for which the approach is suitable. The basic properties of the Markov process are presented in Section 2. We consider some useful results which hold under the assumption of constant forces of transition, and exp...
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