How social status shapes race

Andrew M. Penner · Aliya Saperstein

156 citations0/0 files storedProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Racial and Ethnic Identity Research Social and Intergroup Psychology Social Power and Status Dynamics

Abstract

We show that racial perceptions are fluid; how individuals perceive their own race and how they are perceived by others depends in part on their social position. Using longitudinal data from a representative sample of Americans, we find that individuals who are unemployed, incarcerated, or impoverished are more likely to be seen and identify as black and less likely to be seen and identify as white, regardless of how they were classified or identified previously. This is consistent with the view that race is not a fixed individual attribute, but rather a changeable marker of status.

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1994Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s 1999Whiteness of a Different Color 2002Who Is Multiracial? Assessing the Complexity of Lived Race 1993Who Is Black? One Nation's Definition.1964Race: The History of an Idea in America.1992Who is black?: one nation's definition 1998Does it matter who answers the race question? Racial classification and income inequality in Brazil 1997Race

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2017How Social Status Shapes Person Perception and Evaluation: A Social Neuroscience Perspective 2010Choosing race: Multiracial ancestry and identification 2023Sexual Orientation and Race Intersectionally Reduce the Perceived Gendered Nature of Normative Stereotypes in the United States

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