Gender's role in collective action cannot be understood as either a structural location defining interests and access to resources or cultural norms defining appropriate behavior for women and men. Culture and structure are interconnected; structurally based interests are mediated by cultural norms; normative behavior requires structurally constrained resources. Gendered collective action in a Brazilian shantytown arose from a particular conjuncture of structure and culture that produced differential commitment to parenthood. Women mobilized because individually they could not access the resources they needed to be mothers—the only available valued identity. Men also lacked resources to be fathers, but because there were alternative identities for them that were culturally valued and structurally less costly, they didn't assume the risks of mobilization.
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