The Influence of Race and Gender on Family Physicians' Annual Incomes

William Brinson Weeks · Amy E. Wallace

27 citations0/0 files storedThe Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine

No readable copy stored yet — this record is metadata only.

No open-access location is known for this record yet.

Literature note Cite in a project Citation map

Diversity and Career in Medicine Global Health Workforce Issues Labour Market and Migration

Abstract

PURPOSE: Specialty, work effort, and gender have been shown to be associated with physicians' annual incomes. We hypothesized that provider race might also be associated with differences in family physicians' incomes. Therefore, we conducted a study that used survey data to explore the relationship between provider gender and race and family physicians' annual incomes. METHODS: We used survey responses collected by the American Medical Association (AMA) throughout the 1990s from 786 white male, 20 black male, 159 white female, and 12 black female actively practicing family physicians. We then used linear regression modeling to determine the influence of race and gender on physicians' annual incomes after controlling for work effort, provider characteristics, and practice characteristics. RESULTS: Female family physicians reported seeing substantially fewer patients and working fewer annual hours than their male counterparts. After adjustment for work effort, provider characteristics, and practice characteristics, black men's mean annual income was 178,873 dollars, or 9,309 dollars (5.5%) higher than that for white men (95% Confidence Interval (CI), -18,410 dollars to 37,028 dollars); white women's was 135,531 dollars, or 14,579 dollars (8.6%) lower (95% CI, -25,969 dollars to -3,189 dollars); and black women's was 107,733 dollars, or 36,963 dollars (22%) lower (95% CI, -71,450 dollars to -2,476 dollars). CONCLUSIONS: During the 1990s, female gender was associated with lower annual incomes among family physicians, substantially so for black women. These findings warrant further exploration to determine what factors might cause the gender-based income differences that we found.

Paper brief

Loading…

Cite this work

Citation unavailable for this work.

BibTeX RIS CSL-JSON

No public copy is stored for this record, so only the metadata is cited.

Citations in this library

Citation map →

Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 27 citations exist upstream.

References

1986Health: United States 1996The Role of Black and Hispanic Physicians in Providing Health Care for Underserved Populations 2016The State of Working America 1995Physician Race and Care of Minority and Medically Indigent Patients 1993The Economics of Earnings 2004The State of Working America 2002/2003 1996Differences in Earnings between Male and Female Physicians 1997The relationship between the race/ethnicity of generalist physicians and their care for underserved populations.

Cited by

2008The practice of primary care sports medicine in the USA

Explore the map →

Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.

Imported from OpenAlex (CC0) — nothing here is generated.