In any attempt to understand Roman history the first half of the second century B.C. must have a special place. Victory in the Hannibalic war had laid the foundations of a general dominance of the Mediterranean world, but had hardly yet produced an Empire. Outside Italy, only Sicily, Sardinia and two commands in Spain were normally allotted asprovinciaefor annual magistrates; and this list was not increased by the famous victories in the Greek East, Cynoscephalae, Thermopylae, Magnesia and Pydna. Romanimperialismis too crude a term for what we can observe between 200 and 151 B.C. Romandominancewas felt everywhere, from Spain to Carthage, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Antioch and Ankara; Romanmilitarismwas demonstrated consistently in N. Italy and Spain, at various periods in Greece and Macedonia (200–194, 191–187, 171–168), and for one period of three years in Asia Minor (190–188). Romancolonialismwas still confined, with one very marginal exception, to the Italian peninsula.
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