Depressive features in Holocaust survivors with post‐traumatic stress disorder

Rachel Yehuda · Boaz Kahana · Steven Mark Southwick · Earl L. Giller

64 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Traumatic Stress

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research Migration, Health and Trauma

Abstract

The present study was designed to explore several aspects of depressive phenomenology, including current symptoms, dependency (anaclitic) and self-criticism (introjective) themes, and issues of self-efficacy, in Holocaust survivors with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Depressive Subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) and the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) were administered to 23 Holocaust survivors and 18 demographically-matched controls. Holocaust survivors with PTSD scored significantly higher on the SCL-90 depression scale, and portrayed more self-criticism on the DEQ, than Holocaust survivors without PTSD and demographically-matched non-exposed subjects. The data suggest that depressive symptoms in individuals who have been severely traumatized are more severe when associated with a concurrent PTSD. Furthermore, groups suffering different types of trauma may show similarities in psychological dimensions of depression.

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References

1976Experiences of depression in normal young adults.1982Dependency and self-criticism: Psychological dimensions of depression.1988Post-Traumatic Therapy and Victims of Violence 1970Massive Psychic Trauma.1984Psychotherapist's participation in the conspiracy of silence about the Holocaust.1992Exposure to atrocities and severity of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans 1991Characterization of depression in war-related posttraumatic stress disorder 1988Human Adaptation to Extreme Stress

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2008Information Processing Bias in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder 2000Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Psychological Distress, Personal Resources, and Quality of Life in Four Groups of Holocaust Child Survivors*2005Long-term consequences of traumatic experiences: an assessment of former political detainees in Romania.1998Phenomenology and Psychobiology of the Intergenerational Response to Trauma

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