THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL FORCES: EVIDENCE FROM THE BEHAVIOR OF FOOTBALL REFEREES

Thomas Dohmen

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Sports Analytics and Performance Physical Education and Sports Studies Sports, Gender, and Society

Abstract

Analyzing the neutrality of referees during 12 German premier league (1. Bundesliga) soccer seasons, this paper documents evidence that social forces influence agents’ decisions. Referees, who are appointed to be impartial, tend to favor the home team by systematically awarding more stoppage time in close matches in which the home team is behind. They also favor the home team in decisions to award goals and penalty kicks. Crowd composition affects the size and the direction of the bias, and the crowd’s proximity to the field is related to the quality of refereeing. (JEL J00)

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References

1990Foundations of social theory 1991Foundations of Social Theory 1961EFFECTS OF GROUP PRESSURE UPON THE MODIFICATION AND DISTORTION OF JUDGMENTS 1994A Theory of Conformity 2000Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of “Blind” Auditions on Female Musicians 1980A Theory of Social Custom, of Which Unemployment May be One Consequence 2001Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence 2000Interactions-Based Models

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2011Strike Three: Discrimination, Incentives, and Evaluation 2010Crowd Noise as a Cue in Referee Decisions Contributes to the Home Advantage 2009The 12th Man?: Refereeing Bias in English and German Soccer 2010Behavior under social pressure: Empty Italian stadiums and referee bias 2018Sports analytics and the big-data era 2015REFEREE BIAS 2014

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