Posttraumatic stress disorder in disaster relief workers following direct and indirect trauma exposure to Ground Zero*

Rose T. Zimering · Suzy Bird Gulliver · Jeffrey Knight · James Munroe · Terence M. Keane

88 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Traumatic Stress

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research COVID-19 and Mental Health Disaster Response and Management

Abstract

The present study compared rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in relief workers at the World Trade Center collapse from two sources: direct exposure to the disaster site and indirect exposure through survivor narratives. Standardized clinical interviews for PTSD were conducted with 109 relief workers 6-8 months after the September 11th terrorist attacks. Rates of acute PTSD from direct and indirect exposure to traumatic stressors were 6.4% and 4.6%, respectively. The findings suggest that indirect exposures can lead to PTSD even when Criterion A1 of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p. 463), i.e., "experienced by a family member or other close associate" is not met. Further research is necessary to define precisely the parameters of indirect traumatic exposure that may be linked to the development of PTSD.

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References

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2016A Systematic Review of the Literature on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Terrorist Attacks 2016Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among adult survivors 8 years after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China 2020Healing the Healer: Protecting Emergency Health Care Workers’ Mental Health During COVID-19 2008Mental health of workers and volunteers responding to events of 9/11: Review of the literature 2014Relationships between traumatic events, religious coping style, and posttraumatic outcomes.

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