Tapping the Web for GIS and mapping technologies: For all levels of libraries and users

Abstract

Numerous types of geographic information management technologies are currently available on the Web, ranging from simple tools for viewing maps to more complex systems such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The term GIS is commonly applied to all automated mapping. However, it specifically describes a system of computer hardware, software, and geographically referenced data, designed to capture, store, edit, display, and plot spatial information. ********** Geographic Information Systems (GIS) merge the graphic features of a map with its associated data, and because of this, in-depth analyses of geographic relationships are possible. GIS is often defined by its method of storing data and features in layers, allowing users to overlay various types of information to view simultaneously. The number of automated mapping tools that share some, but not all, of these capabilities is increasing, and more and more information is being made available using geographic technologies. Understanding the capabilities, benefits, and limitations of these tools can greatly enhance reference service in both traditional and virtual environments. In fact, familiarity with some of the geographical resources on the Web can answer many common reference inquiries. For example: * Maps effectively illustrate data. For instance, if a researcher is seeking the latest population numbers for a particular neighborhood, a map of that area in the context of the entire city with associated statistics is more helpful. Similarly, a map of Superfund locales or toxic release sites can be more effective than a listing, as a visual display of the highest concentrations of harvested croplands or forest cover types is preferable to a description. * Maps act as alternative finding aids, particularly when features are more easily identified graphically. GIS technologies commonly have clickable maps that link locational information to pertinent data. For instance, a prospective homebuyer can research what houses in a neighborhood last sold for and when by selecting the properties. A hiker can check the land elevation of the area before setting off on a trip, or a citizen can find details on the aquifer supplying municipal water, all by pointing at a map. * Geographic technologies can combine several variables in a single, custom-made map. For instance, public officials can not only assess the adequacy of public transport to local health facilities by overlaying city bus lines onto a map of clinics and hospitals, but they can also map their districts according to race and income levels from the latest census. Similarly, a researcher can check mortality rates in the United States by specific types of cancer, and this according to race, gender, or a number of other factors. GIS Resources: A Profile of Types Available GIS and mapping technologies can refer to a number of different types of Web tools, all serving different functions. Because of the range of capabilities and limitations, the various mapping technologies currently available on the Web can be roughly separated into three categories according to user requirements, technology, and application capabilities in the library: high level, midlevel, and low level. The high-level user has specific needs, is proficient with computer use, and is rather well informed about the type of information she or he seeks. Unsurprisingly, the technology required is also the most advanced; GIS software is used off-line, and the Web functions as a means to locate and retrieve data from databases of geospatial metadata. The Internet is also often used at this level to find and download additional GIS applications. The midlevel user is comfortable with using the Web and has some specific questions, but needs assistance locating relevant information sources. Technologically, the tools at this level represent the growing number of dynamic map applications available on the Web. …

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