The Global Spread of Shadow Education

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring, addressing the nature and implications of extra lessons in academic subjects for pupils attending primary and secondary schools. We are here only concerned with extra lessons that are provided in exchange for a fee, in contrast to lessons provided free of charge by family members, community bodies and schools as part of their regular duties.

Cite this work

No public copy is stored for this record, so only the metadata is cited.

Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 22 citations exist upstream.

Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.