Changing policy cultures, phases and trends in science and technology in India

Abstract

Four science and technology (S&T) policy cultures — political-bureaucratic; industry-market; academic; and civic — are conceptualised to explore the institutional growth of S&T in India during the last five decades. Different phases and trends are traced: 1947–1970, optimism in ‘policy for the sciences’; 1970s–1990, from optimism to critical evaluation; and after 1991, new economic reforms, liberalization and globalisation. Personalities in science and politics who have played an important part in shaping India's S&T policies during different phases are explored. The paper then focuses on the contemporary challenges in S&T policy in this era of market reforms and globalisation. How are these factors influencing the research system? What institutional changes are being introduced? What are the implications concerning ‘science as public good’ vs ‘science as market good’?

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