HUMAN OBSERVING: MAINTAINED BY STIMULI CORRELATED WITH REINFORCEMENT BUT NOT EXTINCTION

Edmund J. Fantino

159 citations0/0 files storedJournal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

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Behavioral and Psychological Studies Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies Child and Animal Learning Development

Abstract

College students received points exchangeable for money (reinforcement) on a variable-time 60-second schedule that alternated randomly with an extinction component. Subjects were informed that responding would not influence either the rate or distribution of reinforcement. Instead, presses on either of two levers ("observing responses") produced stimuli. In each of four experiments, stimuli positively correlated with reinforcement and/or stimuli uncorrelated with reinforcement were each chosen over stimuli correlated with extinction. These results are consistent with prior results from pigeons in supporting the conditioned-reinforcement hypothesis of observing and in not supporting the uncertainty-reduction hypothesis.

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References

1960Conflict, arousal, and curiosity.1969CHOICE AND RATE OF REINFORCEMENT1,2 1977UNINSTRUCTED HUMAN REPONDING: SENSITIVITY TO RATIO AND INTERVAL CONTINGENCIES1 1981UNINSTRUCTED HUMAN RESPONDING: SENSITIVITY OF LOW‐RATE PERFORMANCE TO SCHEDULE CONTINGENCIES 1969EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTIONS AND REINFORCEMENT‐FEEDBACK ON HUMAN OPERANT BEHAVIOR MAINTAINED BY FIXED‐INTERVAL REINFORCEMENT1 1977PIGEONS' PREFERENCES FOR STIMULUS INFORMATION: EFFECTS OF AMOUNT OF INFORMATION1

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2004Towards a balanced social psychology: Causes, consequences, and cures for the problem-seeking approach to social behavior and cognition 1985THE ROLE OF OBSERVING AND ATTENTION IN ESTABLISHING STIMULUS CONTROL 1985HUMAN OBSERVING: MAINTAINED BY NEGATIVE INFORMATIVE STIMULI ONLY IF CORRELATED WITH IMPROVEMENT IN RESPONSE EFFICIENCY 1993DELAY REDUCTION: CURRENT STATUS 1983Observing reward-informative and -uninformative stimuli by normal children of different ages 1999Observing Behavior in Pigeons: The Effect of Reinforcement Probability and Response Cost Using a Symmetrical Choice Procedure

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