Practitioner Review: Early adversity and developmental disorders

Eric Taylor · Jody Warner Rogers

80 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

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Child Abuse and Trauma Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum Birth, Development, and Health

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of genetic influences, on developmental disorders such as autism spectrum, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities, has increased the opportunities for understanding the influences of the early environment. METHODS: This paper provides a selective, narrative review for clinicians of the effects of factors such as exposure to toxins and stresses in utero and in postnatal life; brain injuries and perinatal compromise; neglect, malnutrition and selective food deficiencies. It also considers what is known about the mechanisms through which early adversities operate. RESULTS: Gaps in the research are identified and suggestions made about clinical investigations. Several types of environmental adversity have associations with later disorders that suggest a causal role. The effects are often on a broad range of psychological processes, and are not always quickly reversible. Several adversities often coexist, calling for skilled judgement about priorities in treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals vary considerably in their exposure to adversity and their vulnerability to its effects, and genetic inheritance can influence both.

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2002Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Children 1985The Relationship between Quality of Attachment and Behavior Problems in Preschool in a High-Risk Sample 2000Child Abuse and Neglect and the Brain—A Review 2002Developmental neurobiology of childhood stress and trauma 1996Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns.1998Genotype-environment correlations in late childhood and early adolescence: Antisocial behavioral problems and coercive parenting.1997Integrating nature and nurture: Implications of person–environment correlations and interactions for developmental psychopathology 2001Specificity and heterogeneity in children's responses to profound institutional privation

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