The Upheavals in Egypt and Tunisia: The Role of Digital Media

Philip N. Howard · Muzammil Hussain

536 citations0/0 files storedJournal of democracy

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Social Media and Politics Middle East and Rwanda Conflicts Political and Social Issues

Abstract

Abstract: During the "Arab Spring," young tech savvy activists led uprisings in a dozen countries across North Africa and the Middle East. At first, digital media allowed democratization movements to develop new tactics for catching dictators off guard. Eventually, authoritarian governments worked social media into their own counter-insurgency strategies. What have we learned about the role of digital media in modern protest? Digital media helped to turn individualized, localized, and community-specific dissent into structured movements with a collective consciousness about both shared grievances and opportunities for action.

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1999Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970 2011The net delusion: the dark side of Internet freedom

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2012The Consequences of the Internet for Politics 2012Social Media and the Activist Toolkit: User Agreements, Corporate Interests, and the Information Infrastructure of Modern Social Movements 2012The Arab Spring: Why the Surprising Similarities with the Revolutionary Wave of 1848?2013Online Social Media and Political Awareness in Authoritarian Regimes 2015Social Mobilization and the Networked Public Sphere: Mapping the SOPA-PIPA Debate 2015“No Fracking Way!” Documentary Film, Discursive Opportunity, and Local Opposition against Hydraulic Fracturing in the United States, 2010 to 2013 2013New Technologies, New Identities, and the Growth of Mass Opposition in the A rab S pring 2013What Best Explains Successful Protest Cascades? ICTs and the Fuzzy Causes of the Arab Spring

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