Crowding Stress and Human Behavior

Abstract

A model of crowding highlighting the importance of perceived control and group orientation is discussed. The literature on crowding in residential and laboratory settings is reviewed. Control and group orientation are shown to mediate reactions to high density environments, both in residential and laboratory settings. Needed future directions in research on crowding are discussed. These include intensive case studies focusing on the processes used to cope with crowding, paying greater attention to the role of group phenomena, and studying the effects of crowding in classroom settings.

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