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Augmenting Transport versus Increasing Cold Storage to Improve Vaccine Supply Chains

Leila A. Haidari · Diana L. Connor · Angela R. Wateska · Shawn T. Brown · Leslie E. Mueller · Bryan A. Norman +7 more

54 citations0/0 files storedPLoS ONE

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Supply Chain and Inventory Management Facility Location and Emergency Management Supply Chain Resilience and Risk Management

Abstract

BACKGROUND: When addressing the urgent task of improving vaccine supply chains, especially to accommodate the introduction of new vaccines, there is often a heavy emphasis on stationary storage. Currently, donations to vaccine supply chains occur largely in the form of storage equipment. METHODS: This study utilized a HERMES-generated detailed, dynamic, discrete event simulation model of the Niger vaccine supply chain to compare the impacts on vaccine availability of adding stationary cold storage versus transport capacity at different levels and to determine whether adding stationary storage capacity alone would be enough to relieve potential bottlenecks when pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines are introduced by 2015. RESULTS: Relieving regional level storage bottlenecks increased vaccine availability (by 4%) more than relieving storage bottlenecks at the district (1% increase), central (no change), and clinic (no change) levels alone. Increasing transport frequency (or capacity) yielded far greater gains (e.g., 15% increase in vaccine availability when doubling transport frequency to the district level and 18% when tripling). In fact, relieving all stationary storage constraints could only increase vaccine availability by 11%, whereas doubling the transport frequency throughout the system led to a 26% increase and tripling the frequency led to a 30% increase. Increasing transport frequency also reduced the amount of stationary storage space needed in the supply chain. The supply chain required an additional 61,269L of storage to relieve constraints with the current transport frequency, 55,255L with transport frequency doubled, and 51,791L with transport frequency tripled. CONCLUSIONS: When evaluating vaccine supply chains, it is important to understand the interplay between stationary storage and transport. The HERMES-generated dynamic simulation model showed how augmenting transport can result in greater gains than only augmenting stationary storage and can reduce stationary storage needs.

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References

2012The impact of making vaccines thermostable in Niger's vaccine supply chain 2011Impact of changing the measles vaccine vial size on Niger's vaccine supply chain: a computational model

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2020Supply chain data integration: A literature review 2017System redesign of the immunization supply chain: Experiences from Benin and Mozambique 2014The impact of introducing new vaccines on the health system: Case studies from six low- and middle-income countries 2023Optimizing the COVID-19 cold chain vaccine distribution network with medical waste management: A robust optimization approach 2016The impact of implementing a demand forecasting system into a low-income country's supply chain 2017Preliminary results from direct-to-facility vaccine deliveries in Kano, Nigeria 2019New vaccine introductions in Africa before and during the decade of vaccines – Are we making progress?2022Transportation and Location Planning During Epidemics/Pandemics: Emerging Problems and Solution Approaches

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