Solitude Experiences: Varieties, Settings, and Individual Differences

Christopher R. Long · Mary Seburn · James R. Averill · Thomas A. More

232 citations0/0 files storedPersonality and Social Psychology Bulletin

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Personality Traits and Psychology Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion

Abstract

Solitude may be positive or negative, depending on situational and personal factors. From prior research, nine types of solitude were identified. Based on data from a questionnaire study of undergraduate participants, factor analysis suggests that these nine types can be reduced to three dimensions, two positive and one negative. These are, respectively, Inner-Directed Solitude (characterized by self-discovery and inner peace), Outer-Directed Solitude (characterized by intimacy and spirituality), and Loneliness. Personality and value correlates, as well as situational correlates, of the various types of solitude also were explored.

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References

1985The Satisfaction With Life Scale 1965Society and the Adolescent Self-Image 1994Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values?1996UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure 1970Privacy and Freedom 2000The capacity to be alone.1999Lonely hearts: Psychological perspectives on loneliness 1963Eysenck Personality Inventory

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2007A “Multitude” of Solitude: A Closer Look at Social Withdrawal and Nonsocial Play in Early Childhood 2018Does it matter when we want to Be alone? Exploring developmental timing effects in the implications of unsociability 2004Are children able to distinguish among the concepts of aloneness, loneliness, and solitude?2018Motivation matters: Development and validation of the Motivation for Solitude Scale – Short Form (MSS‐SF)2019Seeking more solitude: Conceptualization, assessment, and implications of aloneliness 2018

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