Measuring, Forecasting and Explaining Time Varying Liquidity in the Stock Market

Abstract

The paper proposes a new measure of market liquidity, VNET, which directly measures the depth of the market. VNET is constructed from the excess volume of buys or sells during a market event defined by a price movement. As this measure varies over time, it can be forecast and explained. Using NYSE TORQ data, it is found that market depth varies positively but less than proportionally with past volume and negatively with the number of transactions. Both findings suggest that over the day high volumes are associated with an influx of informed traders and reduce market liquidity. The timing of events plays an intimate role in the analysis. High expected volatility as measured by the ACD model of Engle and Russell (1997) reduces expected liquidity. Finally, market depth is smaller when the one-sided trading volume is transacted in a shorter than expected time, providing an estimate of the value of patience.

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