Article2003

Attachment and Traumatic Stress in Female Holocaust Child Survivors and Their Daughters

Abraham Sagi‐Schwartz · Marinus H. van IJzendoorn · Klaus E. Grossmann · Tirtsa Joels · Karin Grossmann · Miri Scharf +2 more

197 citations0/0 files storedAmerican Journal of Psychiatry

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research Memory, Trauma, and Commemoration

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: During the Holocaust, extreme trauma was inflicted on children who experienced it. Two questions were central to the current investigation. First, do survivors of the Holocaust still show marks of their traumatic experiences, even after more than 50 years? Second, was the trauma passed on to the next generation? METHOD: Careful matching of Holocaust survivors and comparison subjects was employed to form a research study design with three generations, including 98 families with a grandmother, a mother, and an infant, who engaged in attachment- and trauma-related interviews, questionnaires, and observational procedures. RESULTS: Holocaust survivors (now grandmothers) showed more signs of traumatic stress and more often lack of resolution of trauma than comparison subjects, but they were not impaired in general adaptation. Also, the traumatic effects did not appear to transmit across generations. CONCLUSIONS: Holocaust survivors may have been able to protect their daughters from their war experiences, although they themselves still suffer from the effects of the Holocaust.

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References

1979Impact of Event Scale: A Measure of Subjective Stress 1995Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview.2000Developmental psychopathology: Concepts and challenges 1999The adult attachment interview: Historical and current perspectives.1992Broken hearts or broken bonds: Love and death in historical perspective.1998Multigenerational Perspectives on Coping with the Holocaust Experience: An Attachment Perspective for Understanding the Developmental Sequelae of Trauma across Generations 1988Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder among second-generation Holocaust survivors: preliminary findings 1987Validation of the impact of event scale for psychological sequelae of combat.

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