Economic and ideological roles of copper ingots in prehistoric Zimbabwe

Lorraine M. Swan

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Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies Archaeology and Rock Art Studies

Abstract

As well as being modes of supplying metal, cross-shaped copper ingots in Zimbabwe are shown to be emblems of currency and status. The author dates them to the first half of the second millennium AD and connects the appearance of ingots to increased social stratification.

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References

1997Snakes and Crocodiles: Power and Symbolism in Ancient Zimbabwe 1990Congo to Kalahari: data and hypotheses about the political economy of the western stream of the Early Iron Age 2014The Archaeology of Africa 2000Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa 1993Indigenous African Metallurgy: Nature and Culture 2002Smelter and Smith: Iron Age Metal Fabrication Technology in Southern Africa 1988The Changing Past: Farmers, Kings and Traders in Southern Africa, 200-1860 1997Iron technology in East Africa: symbolism, science, and archaeology

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2016A global perspective on the pyrotechnologies of Sub-Saharan Africa 2009Small size, high value: composition and manufacture of second millennium AD copper-based beads from northern Zimbabwe 2016Exotica in Context: Reconfiguring Prestige, Power and Wealth in the Southern African Iron Age 2019New Perspectives on the Political Economy of Great Zimbabwe 2020Lead isotopes link copper artefacts from northwestern Botswana to the Copperbelt of Katanga Province, Congo

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