Article2014

Assessment of green cleaning effectiveness on polychrome surfaces by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry and microscopic imaging

Štěpánka Kučková · Michaela Crhova · Catarina Luísa Cortes Pereira · Radovan Hynek · Olga Lavrovа · Tito L. Busani +2 more

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Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis Conservation Techniques and Studies Building materials and conservation

Abstract

This article proposes an innovative methodology which employs nondestructive techniques to assess the effectiveness of new formulations based on ionic liquids, as alternative solvents for enzymes (proteases), for the removal of proteinaceous materials from painted surfaces during restoration treatments. Ionic liquids (ILs), also known as "designer" solvents, because of their peculiar properties which can be adjusted by selecting different cation-anion combinations, are potentially green solvents due totheir low vapour pressure. In this study, two ionic liquids were selected: IL1 (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4 ])) and IL2 (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulphate ([EMIM][EtSO4 ])). New formulations were prepared with these ILs and two different proteases (E): one acid (E1-pepsin) and one alkaline (E2-obtained from Aspergillus sojae). These formulations were tested on tempera and oil mock-up samples, prepared in accordance with historically documented recipes, and covered with two different types of protein-based varnishes (egg white and isinglass-fish glue). A noninvasive multiscale imaging methodology was applied before and after the treatment to evaluate the cleaning's effectiveness. Different microscopic techniques-optical microscopy (OM) with visible and fluorescent light, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM)-together with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) were applied on areas cleaned with the new formulations (IL + E) and reference areas cleaned only with the commercial enzyme formulations (gels). MALDI-TOF proved particularly very useful for comparing the diversity and abundance of peptides released by using different enzymatic systems. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:574-585, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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References

1973The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art 2001Cleaning Painted Surfaces: Aqueous Methods 2012Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects 2011Ancient ‘gilded’ art objects from European cultural heritage: a review on different scales of characterization 2006Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis: applications in the field of cultural heritage 2002The Artist's Assistant, Oil Painting Instruction Manuals and Handbooks in Britain 1800-1900 with Reference to Selected Eighteenth-Century Sources 2009Proteomic strategies for the identification of proteinaceous binders in paintings 2007Identification of proteinaceous binders used in artworks by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

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2023Evaluation of Enzyme Agarose Gels for Cleaning Complex Substrates in Cultural Heritage 2020Non-invasive reflection FT-IR spectroscopy for on-site detection of cleaning system residues on polychrome surfaces 2014Assessment of cleaning effectiveness for new ecological systems on ancient tempera icon by complementary microscopy techniques

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