Very Low Fertility in Japan and Value Change Hypotheses

Makoto Atoh

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Family Dynamics and Relationships Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences

Abstract

Abstract Fertility in Japan dropped below replacement level in the middle of the 1970s and declined further since the middle of the 1980s, having reached the total fertility rate (TFR) of 1.42 in 1995. There is much evidence to show that such fertility decline occurred directly as the result of the rise in the proportion never married and the rise in the age at marriage and age at childbearing. In this article the author tries to examine whether value change hypotheses as proposed for explaining below replacement fertility in the West are applicable to the fertility decline in Japan. According to various nationally representative time-series and comparable attitudinal surveys which have been undertaken in the post-war period by various institutes, there has hardly been any dramatic change in attitude toward religion and only a moderate change from social conformism toward indi-vidualistic attitude over the last 40 years. In contrast, there has been a tremendous attitudinal change related to women’s social and family roles, in such areas as premarital sex, divorce, gender-role division, and the care of elderly parents, espe-cially since the middle of the 1980s. All these survey results suggest that the rapid

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References

2015The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics 1987Europe's second demographic transition.1983Theory of Fertility Decline.1987The Decline of Fertility in Europe 1982Two Kinds of Preindustrial Household Formation System 1988Cultural Dynamics and Economic Theories of Fertility Change 1975The making of the modern family 1977The Emergence of Countercyclical U.S. Fertility

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2010A new look at married women’s labor force transitions in Japan 2011A Comparative Study of Marital Dissolution in East Asian Societies: Gender Attitudes and Social Expectations towards Marriage in Taiwan, Korea and Japan 2007Coresidence With Parents, Women's Economic Resources, and the Transition to Marriage in Japan 2014Nontraditional Family‐Related Attitudes in Japan: Macro and Micro Determinants 2013Educational Differences in Divorce in Japan 2003Premarital Living Arrangements and the Transition to First Marriage in Japan

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