Symptoms and correlates of anabolic‐androgenic steroid dependence

Kirk J. Brower · Frederic C. Blow · Elizabeth Hill

206 citations0/0 files storedBritish Journal of Addiction

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Doping in Sports Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes Hormonal and reproductive studies

Abstract

Forty-nine male weight lifters, all users of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs), completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire to investigate addictive patterns of use. At least one DSM-III-R symptom of dependence was reported by 94% of the sample. Three or more symptoms, consistent with a diagnosis of dependence, were reported by 57%. Dependent users (n = 28) could be distinguished from non-dependent users (n = 21) by their use of larger doses, more cycles of use, more dissatisfaction with body size, and more aggressive symptoms. Multiple regression analysis revealed that dosage and dissatisfaction with body size were the best predictors of dependent use. Patterns of other substances used, although not predictive of AAS dependence, revealed very low cigarette use and at the same time high alcohol consumption. These data support the notion that AASs are addicting, and suggest that dissatisfaction with body size may lead to dependent patterns of use. The implications for both prevention and treatment are discussed.

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References

1981National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule 1987Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R)1988Estimated Prevalence of Anabolic Steroid Use Among Male High School Seniors 1988Affective and psychotic symptoms associated with anabolic steroid use 1988Androgen Abuse by Athletes

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1999Psychiatric and Medical Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in Women 1997Gym and tonic: a profile of 100 male steroid users.2002Anabolic steroid abuse and dependence 2005Anabolic Steroid Use in Weightlifters and Bodybuilders 2002Anabolic Steroids 2002Steroid Use and Long-Term Health Risks in Former Athletes 2009Position Stand on Androgen and Human Growth Hormone Use 1993Current perspectives on anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse

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