Article2005

Exposure to the Mass Media, Body Shape Concerns, and Use of Supplements to Improve Weight and Shape Among Male and Female Adolescents

Alison E. Field · Sydney Bryn Austin · Carlos A. Camargo · C. Barr Taylor · Ruth H. Striegel‐Moore · Keith J. Loud +1 more

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Eating Disorders and Behaviors Doping in Sports Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and correlates of products used to improve weight and shape among male and female adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted of 6212 girls and 4237 boys who were 12 to 18 years of age and enrolled in the ongoing Growing Up Today Study. The outcome measure was at least weekly use of any of the following products to improve appearance, muscle mass, or strength: protein powder or shakes, creatine, amino acids/hydroxy methylbutyrate (HMB), dehydroepiandrosterone, growth hormone, or anabolic/injectable steroids. RESULTS: Approximately 4.7% of the boys and 1.6% of the girls used protein powder or shakes, creatine, amino acids/HMB, dehydroepiandrosterone, growth hormone, or anabolic/injectable steroids at least weekly to improve appearance or strength. In multivariate models, boys and girls who thought a lot about wanting more defined muscles (boys: odds ratio [OR]: 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-2.2; girls: OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2-3.2) or were trying to gain weight (boys: OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 2.0-4.6; girls: OR: 4.3; 95% CI: 1.6-11.4) were more likely than their peers to use these products. In addition, boys who read men's, fashion, or health/fitness magazines (OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.9) and girls who were trying to look like women in the media (OR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.4-4.0) were significantly more likely than their peers to use products to improve appearance or strength, but hours per week watching television, watching sports on television, and participation in team sports were not independently associated with using products to improve appearance or muscle mass. CONCLUSIONS: Girls and boys who frequently thought about wanting toned or well-defined muscles were at increased risk for using potentially unhealthful products to enhance their physique. These results suggest that just as girls may resort to unhealthful means to achieve a low body weight, girls and boys may also resort to unhealthful means to achieve other desired physiques.

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References

2001Peer, Parent, and Media Influences on the Development of Weight Concerns and Frequent Dieting Among Preadolescent and Adolescent Girls and Boys 2002Weight-Related Concerns and Behaviors Among Overweight and Nonoverweight Adolescents 2001Parent, peer, and media influences on body image and strategies to both increase and decrease body size among adolescent boys and girls.2003Risk Factors for the Onset of Eating Disorders in Adolescent Girls: Results of the McKnight Longitudinal Risk Factor Study 2002Weight Control Behaviors Among Obese, Overweight, and Nonoverweight Adolescents 1999Overweight, Weight Concerns, and Bulimic Behaviors Among Girls and Boys 1999Relation of Peer and Media Influences to the Development of Purging Behaviors Among Preadolescent and Adolescent Girls 1995Body image and steroid use in male bodybuilders

Cited by

2009Illicit anabolic–androgenic steroid use 2008Psychological drivers in doping: The life-cycle model of performance enhancement 2012Muscle-enhancing Behaviors Among Adolescent Girls and Boys 2006The relationship of drive for muscularity to sociocultural factors, self-esteem, physical attributes gender role, and social comparison in middle school boys

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