Research Article A TYPOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE FINAL MIDDLE STONE AGE STONE TOOLS FROM SIBUDU CAVE, KWAZULU-NATAL

Lyn Wadley

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Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology Archaeology and ancient environmental studies Archaeology and Rock Art Studies

Abstract

The final Middle Stone Age (MSA) stone tool assemblage from Sibudu Cave is characterized by sidescrapers, bifacial and unifacial points, hollow-based points, bifacial cutting tools and backed tools, including large, wide segments. The assemblage has been dated to between c. 33 and 35 kyr by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), but a radiocarbon date of c. 42 000 BP is also available. This Sibudu lithic collection shows that large backed tools can be an integral part of the final MSA because no Later Stone Age (LSA) occupation occurs at the site. Sibudu data contribute to discussion of local traditions in the final MSA, of dating the final MSA, and of the presence of segments in non-Howiesons Poort and non-LSA assemblages.

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References

2000The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior 2003The Archaeology of Southern Africa 2001Blombos Cave, Southern Cape, South Africa: Preliminary Report on the 1992–1999 Excavations of the Middle Stone Age Levels 1959The prehistory of Southern Africa 2005Evidence of hunting and hafting during the Middle Stone Age at Sibidu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a multianalytical approach 1995Two Late Pleistocene-Holocene Archaeological Depositories from the Southern Cape, South Africa 1976'Art Mobilier' from the Apollo 11 Cave, South West Africa: Africa's Oldest Dated Works of Art 2001Border Cave revisited: a revised ESR chronology

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2009Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa 2008Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa 2007The gripping nature of ochre: The association of ochre with Howiesons Poort adhesives and Later Stone Age mastics from South Africa 2005Putting ochre to the test: replication studies of adhesives that may have been used for hafting tools in the Middle Stone Age

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