Barriers to Trade in Global Apple Markets

Abstract

Horticultural product trade has expanded considerably; U.S. fresh apple exports increased from $11 million in 1970 to $382 million in 1996. High tariff rates and technical barriers, however, continue to constrain international sales of apples to some markets. Phy- tosanitary protocols related to fire blight, codling moth, apple maggot, and other pests prohibit or limit U.S. apple exports to some countries. Tariff rate equivalents for phytosanitary require- ments are estimated for Japan, South Korea, and Mexico and are sometimes found to be as large or larger than many tariff rates, ranging up to 58 percent. Removing tariffs and harmonizing these regulatory measures to current U.S. systems approaches to pest management for the three countries would substantially affect global apple trade, increasing imports by $205 million in 1994/95 and by $280 million in 1995/96.

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