Creative Commons: Non-Proprietary Innovation Triangles in International Agricultural and Rural Development Partnerships

Abstract

There has been a new paradigm shift towards the innovation systems approach in agricultural and rural development in low-income countries. In the past, agricultural research and technology development (R&D) interventions were conventionally implemented under the notion of the ‘technology triangle ’- the tripartite linkages of public sector research, government orchestrated extension, and rural farming communities. Using the exemplary practices of open science vis-à-vis intellectual property rights regulation, this paper argues that the commons have been increasingly creative for innovation generation through public private partnerships in specific areas of agriculture. Metaphorically, there has been a transformation from the notion of public ‘technology triangles ’ into pluralistic ‘innovation triangles ’ in international agricultural research and development partnerships at the time the when scientific commons has been increasingly privatized through the use of stringent intellectual property rights, such as patents and licenses often compromising customary rights of local and indigenous communities. Therefore, such an emphasis on extending linkages beyond R&D should ensure that open science practices are promoted at the local level unless stringent intellectual property rights are

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