Articlehybrid2015

Different Executive Functions Support Different Kinds of Cognitive Flexibility: Evidence From 2-, 3-, and 4-Year-Olds

Emma Blakey · Ingmar Visser · Daniel John Carroll

112 citations0/0 files storedChild Development

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Child and Animal Learning Development Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology

Abstract

Improvements in cognitive flexibility during the preschool years have been linked to developments in both working memory and inhibitory control, though the precise contribution of each remains unclear. In the current study, one hundred and twenty 2-, 3-, and 4-year-olds completed two rule-switching tasks. In one version, children switched rules in the presence of conflicting information, and in the other version, children switched rules in the presence of distracting information. Switching in the presence of conflict improved rapidly between the ages of 3 and 3.5 years, and was associated with better working memory. Conversely, switching in the presence of distraction developed significantly between the ages of 2 and 3 years, and was associated with better inhibitory control.

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References

2007Deciding on the Number of Classes in Latent Class Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study 2008Executive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework.1994The relationship between cognition and action: performance of children 312–7 years old on a stroop- like day-night test 2006The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS): a method of assessing executive function in children 2003The development of executive function in early childhood.2004Executive Function and Theory of Mind: Stability and Prediction From Ages 2 to 3.2003I. The Development of Executive Function 2007Executive function and theory of mind: Predictive relations from ages 2 to 4.

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