Early South Americans Cranial Morphological Variation and the Origin of American Biological Diversity

Mark Hübbe · André Menezes Strauss · Alex Hubbe · Walter Alves Neves

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Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology Forensic and Genetic Research

Abstract

Recent South Americans have been described as presenting high regional cranial morphological diversity when compared to other regions of the world. This high diversity is in accordance with linguistic and some of the molecular data currently available for the continent, but the origin of this diversity has not been satisfactorily explained yet. Here we explore if this high morphological variation was already present among early groups in South America, in order to refine our knowledge about the timing and origins of the modern morphological diversity. Between-group (Fst estimates) and within-group variances (trace of within-group covariance matrix) of the only two early American population samples available to date (Lagoa Santa and Sabana de Bogotá) were estimated based on linear craniometric measurements and compared to modern human cranial series representing six regions of the world, including the Americas. The results show that early Americans present moderate within-group diversity, falling well within the range of modern human groups, despite representing almost three thousand years of human occupation. The between-group variance apportionment is very low between early Americans, but is high among recent South American groups, who show values similar to the ones observed on a global scale. Although limited to only two early South American series, these results suggest that the high morphological diversity of native South Americans was not present among the first human groups arriving in the continent and must have originated during the Middle Holocene, possibly due to the arrival of new morphological diversity coming from Asia during the Holocene.

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References

2007The effect of ancient population bottlenecks on human phenotypic variation 2004Detecting genetic drift versus selection in human evolution 2005Cranial morphology of early Americans from Lagoa Santa, Brazil: Implications for the settlement of the New World 1990Linguistic Diversity and The First Settlement of the New World 1991Morphological affinities of the first Americans: an exploratory analysis based on early South American human remains 2001Variation among early North American Crania 1999Craniofacial morphology of the first Americans: Pattern and process in the peopling of the New World 1996Howells' craniometric data on the internet

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