Syntax and Semantics in a Zulu Bead Colour Communication System

Abstract

Zulu beadwork articles are known to carry mes- sages encoded in bead colours. This is conceivable if colours can be freely arranged, but less so for conventionally pre- scribed colour sequences. The isishunka colour convention of the Mchunu people (Natal, South Africa) arranges 7 defined colours in a fix sequence of 17 positions. This complex syntax lends itself to testing by formal criteria to what extent such syntactic constraints would enforce series of fixed set phrases. Over 400 beaded items of homogenous origin were analyzed statistically. Within the conventional syntax several degrees of freedom for the formulation of individual messages exist: Some colours are preferably used or placed on prominent positions, others frequently avoided. Typical syntax deviations also exist. Beaded items reveal a preference for ornamental colour symme- tries, still allowing individual messages. The complex isishunka

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