Hominoid Evolution: A Review and a Reassessment [and Comments and Replies]

Jeffrey H. Schwartz · Robert B. Eckhardt · Adrian E. Friday · Philip D. Gingerich · J.W. Osborn · P Puech +1 more

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Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology Evolution and Paleontology Studies Primate Behavior and Ecology

Abstract

I review here the history of study of the relationships of extant hominoids (humans and apes) and many of the morphological and other (e.g., molecular, biochemical, and chromosomal) criteria upon which theories of relatedness have been based. Few morphological features emerge as uniting humans and one or both of the African apes, and, contrary to popular opinion, the nonmorphological data do not support a human-African-ape theory of relatedness to the exclusion of other hypotheses. Most phylogenetically significant characters are shared by humans and the orangutan. Many of the morphologies uniting a hominid-orangutan clade also subsume the controversial Sivapithecus, thereby eliminating inconsistencies in present interpretations of hominoid evolution.

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