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Since the decade of the 1970s, the growth of non-standard employment (NSE) has become a key issue in Western societies, usually linked to the transition towards a post-industrial economy (Jessop, 1995; Kumar, 1995; Alonso and Martínez Lucio, 2006; Koch, 2006). Many Western countries have undergone major reforms in their labour market legislation, allowing the creation of new forms of employment that would help not only to improve flexibility in human resource management (HRM) but also to find solutions to the persistent problem of unemployment. These new policies have led to a more fragmented landscape in terms of contracts, conditions and arrangements in a process that, in the case of EU countries, has been widely supported by both national and supra-national institutions through various strategies such as flexicurity (Serrano Pascual and Magnusson, 2007). However, the design of non-standard work arrangements and the extent of their use varied notably in different national contexts and were influenced by far from linear trajectories of socio-economic development, which we understand as the results of social struggles in each one of these societies (Crouch, 1993; Ferner and Hyman, 1998; Olsen and Kalleberg, 2004). When considering EU statistics, one immediately notices that part-time jobs are very common in countries such as the Netherlands or, less so, Sweden, while temporary contracts represent approximately 25 per cent of the total labour force in Spain. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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