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Abstract Scandinavia, and Sweden in particular, entered the world of medieval European culture and its state system late. Until the twelfth century the political structure was very primitive and based upon pillage, plunder, and the taking of tributes, both at home and abroad. Power was unstable and belonged to local chiefs, petty kings, and warlords. However, the political culture and the pillage economy of the Viking age faded away during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Conversion to Christianity was later in Sweden than in Denmark and Norway. But from the turn of the millennium the new creed gained ground and during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries a domestic ecclesiastical organization was built up.
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