Article2016

Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parental Warmth, Hostility/Rejection/Neglect, and Behavioral Control: Specific and Unique Relations with Parents’ Depression Versus Anxiety Symptoms

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Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development Family Dynamics and Relationships Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Abstract

SYNOPSISObjective. This study advanced and tested conceptualizations of parents’ depression and anxiety in relation to parental warmth, hostility/rejection/neglect, and behavioral control, before and after controlling for comorbid symptoms. Design. Two-parent families (N = 119) with girls (aged 8 to 12) completed questionnaires on parents’ and girls’ depression and anxiety and parents’ parenting. Results. Both parents’ depression and anxiety were related to more hostility/rejection/neglect; and the relations with depression remained after controlling for anxiety, yet the relations with anxiety became non-significant after controlling for depression. Mothers’ and fathers’ depression remained significantly and uniquely related to more hostility/rejection/neglect after controlling for their anxiety in addition to parental warmth, family socioeconomic status, parents’ treatment status, and girls’ depression and anxiety symptoms. Both mothers’ and fathers’ anxiety were related to higher behavioral control, before and after controlling for the parent’s depression, hostility/rejection/neglect, and treatment status, as well as family socioeconomic status and girls’ depression and anxiety symptoms. Fathers’ depression was related to lower behavioral control only after controlling for fathers’ anxiety, and remained so after also controlling for fathers’ hostility/rejection/neglect and the other control variables. Fathers’ depression and anxiety also interacted in relation to behavioral control. Conclusions. Mothers’ and fathers’ depression and anxiety symptoms are differentially related to parental warmth, hostility/rejection/neglect, and behavioral control, especially when comorbid symptoms are considered.

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References

1983Socialization In The Context Of The Family: Parent-Child Interaction 1991Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications.1996Parental Psychological Control: Revisiting a Neglected Construct 2009A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory 2006Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis 2013Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after.2000Scientific Foundations of Cognitive Theory and Therapy of Depression 2008The Descriptive Epidemiology of Commonly Occurring Mental Disorders in the United States

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