Determinants of nonimmunization of children under 5 years of age in Pakistan

Fowad Murtaza · Tajammal Mustafa · Rabia Pervaiz Awan

28 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Family and Community Medicine

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Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy Child Nutrition and Water Access Global Maternal and Child Health

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Child vaccination is perhaps the first line of defense to ensure a healthy society. Unfortunately, the coverage of child vaccination in Pakistan is poor resulting in unnecessary yet preventable deaths. This study investigated the determinants and reasons for not vaccinating children in Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study used the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey/Household Integrated Economic Survey 2001-2002 data. Demographic, distance to health facility, poverty status, literacy and education, and location of residence were used as determinants of nonimmunization of children. Descriptive statistics including frequency distribution, proportions for categorical variables and mean for continuous variables, and logistic regression analysis were done using the Stata 11.0. RESULTS: Almost 7.73% children in Pakistan were never immunized. More than 87.4% of these lived in the rural areas. Prevalence of nonimmunization was highest in Balochistan compared to other provinces. Large households appeared to have increased risk of a child not being vaccinated. Moreover, low literacy and education of the head of the household and the spouse was also associated with low vaccination coverage. Distance from the health facility was found to be another factor related to nonimmunization of children. Increase in per capita income significantly decreased the risk of missing vaccinations. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention and immunization programs should focus more on high-risk regions such as Balochistan and rural areas. Literacy, education, and economic status were among the other significant factors associated with low vaccination rates, which need a special focus in the public policy to achieve the target of a healthy society.

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References

2015Strategies intended to address vaccine hesitancy: Review of published reviews 1996Epidemiologic Methods in Immunization Programs 2014Factors associated with non-utilization of child immunization in Pakistan: evidence from the Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07 2013Immunization coverage and its determinants among children aged 12 - 23 months in a peri-urban area of Kenya 2007Assessment of EPI (expanded program of immunization) vaccine coverage in a peri-urban area.2009Effectiveness of planning and management interventions for improving age-appropriate immunization in rural India 1999Immunization coverage in three districts of North West Frontier Province (NWFP).2013Factors limiting immunization coverage in urban Dili, Timor-Leste

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