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What causes the specific pattern on the ancient Damascus steel blades has been a myth for centuries and is still a hot topic for the today’s metallurgist. Although it has been studied and argued for centuries, the disputes on this topic still remain among the present metallurgists, which are summarized in this paper. Besides, histories of Wootz ingots, Damascus blade and Damascus pattern have been also reviewed respectively in details. With the help of modern metallurgy knowledge, we are now able to quantify all the possibly relevant factors by thermodynamic and kinetic calculations, such as influence of S, P and V elements on the Fe-C phase diagram, the dendritic microsegregation of S and P during a slow solidification, the temperature for precipitation of V(CN) in austenite and the diffusion kinetics of V during high-temperature homogenization. All of those factors have been considered as the possible perquisites for the formation of Damascus pattern. The thermodynamic and kinetics simulations indicate that the sulfide and phosphide, which precipitates at the segregated zone due to the slow solidification, may not be completely dissolved at the high-temperature solution treatment and then might act as the nuclei for the subsequent precipitation of cementite particles during hot hammering. In particular, the P-rich liquid, which is formed due to the segregation during solidification, may transform to eutectic product of phosphide and cementite. This is most likely responsible for the spatial distribution of cementite in Damascus blades and the formation of Damascus pattern.
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