Jack of Newbery and Drake in California: Domestic and Colonial Narratives of English Cloth and Manhood

Abstract

In the course of the sixteenth century, the English cloth trade rose to domestic and international prominence through a shift from household to capitalist production. Thomas Deloney's prose romance, Jack of Newbery (1597), recapitulates this historic rise of the cloth trade in the personal achievements of the clothier John Winchcombe. As the trade continued to expand, cloth was among the first English products to arrive in the New World. On his 1579 voyage around the world, Sir Francis Drake landed in California, where he and his men were allegedly worshipped as gods for distributing English cloth to the Indians. This colonial episode first appeared in the 1589 edition of Richard Hakluyt's Principall Navigations. Both Deloney's prose romance and Hakluyt's colonial narrative are promotions for the cloth trade. But at the same time, cloth can be said to make the Englishman by giving him two faces: as producer at home and colonist in America. In focusing on Winchcombe and Drake-founding figures in the domestic and colonial enterprises -these stories of cloth are in fact stories of an ideal bourgeois manhood elaborated through the economics and politics of cloth-making. If we realize that both Deloney and Hakluyt had ties to the Clothworkers of London (a confederation of clothiers and tradesmen in various finishing crafts), the relation of cloth and manhood becomes a historically specific one. A silk weaver by profession, Deloney was active within this economic network, and many of his works show him to be a willing, or perhaps even a hired, spokesman for the clothiers of England.1 For his part, Hakluyt was from 1577 a pensioner of the Clothworkers' Company; as a student of Christ Church, Oxford, he was subsidized by the company in his theological studies. The pension continued until 1586 despite his overtly non-theological activities, such as his 1582 publication of Divers Voyages touching the Discovery of America. Theology was not at odds with commerce, however; as preacher, Hakluyt would repay the Clothworkers' kindness in his colonial promotions.2 Through their publications, then, both Deloney

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