Articlegreen2016

Testing specificity among parents’ depressive symptoms, parenting, and child internalizing and externalizing symptoms.

Meredith A. Gruhn · Jennifer P. Dunbar · Kelly Haker Watson · Michelle M. Reising · Laura Gale McKee · Rex Forehand +2 more

58 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Family Psychology

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Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development Family Dynamics and Relationships Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Abstract

The present study examined the specificity in relations between observed withdrawn and intrusive parenting behaviors and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms in an at-risk sample of children (ages 9 to 15 years old) of parents with a history of depression (N = 180). Given past findings that parental depression and parenting behaviors may differentially impact boys and girls, gender was examined as a moderator of the relations between these factors and child adjustment. Correlation and linear regression analyses showed that parental depressive symptoms were significantly related to withdrawn parenting for parents of boys and girls and to intrusive parenting for parents of boys only. When controlling for intrusive parenting, preliminary analyses demonstrated that parental depressive symptoms were significantly related to withdrawn parenting for parents of boys, and this association approached significance for parents of girls. Specificity analyses yielded that, when controlling for the other type of problem (i.e., internalizing or externalizing), withdrawn parenting specifically predicted externalizing problems but not internalizing problems in girls. No evidence of specificity was found for boys in this sample, suggesting that impaired parenting behaviors are diffusely related to both internalizing and externalizing symptoms for boys. Overall, results highlight the importance of accounting for child gender and suggest that targeting improvement in parenting behaviors and the reduction of depressive symptoms in interventions with parents with a history of depression may have potential to reduce internalizing and externalizing problems in this high-risk population.

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References

1996Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and-II in Psychiatric Outpatients 2003Testing Mediational Models With Longitudinal Data: Questions and Tips in the Use of Structural Equation Modeling.2009Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences.2010Maternal Depression and Child Psychopathology: A Meta-Analytic Review 1998Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study.1991Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders.2000Adolescent Onset of the Gender Difference in Lifetime Rates of Major Depression 2010The Diagnosis of Mental Disorders: The Problem of Reification

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