WOMEN AS CANDIDATES IN CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS

Richard E. Matland · David King

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Gender Politics and Representation Electoral Systems and Political Participation Gender Diversity and Inequality

Abstract

In 2000, an intensely fought battle for the Republican nomination for an open seat in Arizona’s second district found Susan Bitter Smith, the only woman in the race, finishing a distant third to Jeff Flake. At the start of the campaign Bitter Smith was the favorite. She had several years of experience on the local city council, the backing of the local newspaper and was seen as a rising star in the Republican Party. By the end of the race she was embroiled in a nasty shouting match over who was more willing to use dirty politics to win and she had faded badly. Flake went on to win the traditionally conservative district handily in the general election. In a distinctly different race and district, the Democratic Primary in the 4 th Congressional District of Minnesota, Betty McCollum ran against three other candidates to succeed Congressman Bruce Vento who retired due to illness. McCollum was the favorite and despite a few rough spots she won the primary by a comfortable margin, with 50% of the vote. Her closest opponent (a man) had 23% of the vote. In the fall she won a comfortable victory in the traditionally Democratic district to become one of the five newly elected female members of the House of Representatives. We know voters evaluate candidates based on their party, their stands on specific issues, and their perception of the candidate’s ideology, character and competence. An issue that lies latent is whether a candidate’s sex has an indirect effect on perceptions of issues, ideology, character or competence or whether a candidate’s sex may directly affect the vote. This chapter considers whether a candidate’s sex matters to a candidate’s electoral chances. We believe that

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References

1993Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates 1982Measuring Sex Stereotypes: A Multination Study 1997Voting Cues in Low-Information Elections: Candidate Gender as a Social Information Variable in Contemporary United States Elections 1989Gender Role and Political Office: Effects of Perceived Masculinity/Femininity of Candidate and Political Office 1998Sex as a political variable: women as candidates and voters in U.S. elections 1993The Year Of The Woman: Myths And Realities 1987Attitudes toward Women and Men in Politics: Perceived Male and Female Candidate Competencies and Participant Personality Characteristics 1997The Relative Irrelevance of Candidate Sex

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